Russia

Soviet Union / Russia · Earth orbit · Space station

First continuously inhabited modular space station; operated until 2001.

Russia · Phobos · Mars-moon sample return

Failed to leave Earth orbit; included the Yinghuo-1 payload.

ESA / Russia · Mars · Planetary orbiter / landing demonstrator

TGO entered Mars orbit successfully; Schiaparelli crashed during descent.

Russia · International Space Station · Space-station infrastructure

Major Russian ISS-segment additions after Mir; not standalone deep-space exploration missions.

Russia · Moon · Lunar lander

Reached lunar orbit but crashed during landing attempt; first Russian lunar mission since the Soviet era.